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''How It Is'' is a novel by Samuel Beckett first published in French as ''Comment c'est'' by Les Editions de Minuit in 1961. The Grove Press (New York) published Beckett's English translation in 1964. An advance text of his English translation of the third part appeared in the 1962 issue of the Australian literary journal, ''Arna''.〔Beckett, Samuel, ''How it is''. Extract from ''Comment c'est'', translated from the French by the author, in Arna 1962, Faculty of Arts Society, University of Sydney〕 ''L'Image'', an early variant version of ''Comment c'est'', was published in the British arts review, ''X: A Quarterly Review'' (1959), and is the first appearance of the novel in any form.〔 “L’Image”, X: A Quarterly Review, ed. David Wright & Patrick Swift, Vol. I, No. 1, November 1959 (Beckett Exhibition Harry Ransom Centre University of Texas at Austin )〕 The novel is a monologue by the narrator as he crawls through endless mud, recalling his life separated into three distinct periods. == Synopsis == The title is Beckett's literal translation of the French phrase, ''comment c'est'' (how it is), a pun on the French verb ''commencer'' or 'to begin'. The text is divided into three parts: 1. "before Pim" - the solitary narrator journeys in the mud-dark until he encounters another creature like himself thereby forming a "couple". 2. "with Pim" - the narrator is motionless in the mud-dark until he is abandoned by Pim. 3. "after Pim" - the narrator returns to his earlier solitude but without motion in the mud-dark. In a letter (April 6, 1960) to Donald McWhinnie at BBC Radio Drama, Beckett explained his strange text as the product of a " 'man' lying panting in the mud and dark murmuring his 'life' as he hears it obscurely uttered by a voice inside him... The noise of his panting fills his ears and it is only when this abates that he can catch and murmur forth a fragment of what is being stated within... It is in the third part that occurs the so-called voice 'quaqua', its interiorisation and murmuring forth when the panting stops. That is to say the 'I' is from the outset in the third part and the first and second, though stated as heard in the present, already over." 〔James Knowlson, ''Damned to Fame'', Bloomsbury, 1996, pp. 461-62.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「How It Is」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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